Nosso objetivo é discutir as condições e implicações do deslocamento realizado por Althusser entre a definção da filosofia como “teoria da prática teórica” e a definição da filosofia como luta e tomada de posição sobre o vazio. Levantamos a hipótese sobre se seria adequado aplicar à obra de althusser o conceito de ruptura ou corte epistemológico, o que nos permitiria compreender a passagem do materialismo dialético ao materialismo dos encontros ou aleatório como “revolução teórica” do próprio Althusser.

Les politiques urbaines se heurtent aux pratiques d’appropriation par les pauvres, qui demandent à être indemnisés en cas d’expulsion par des grands travaux, même quand ils ont voté pour la municipalité qui les a ordonnés. Mais du coup ils veulent participer aux décisions. Leurs luttes multiformes se réfèrent au commun de la ville produit par les pratiques sociales.

Cet article met en lumière une forme particulière de pouvoir dans le processus de colonisation de l’Amérique du Sud. Les expéditions des bandeirantes se distinguaient du pouvoir pastoral des missions jésuites ainsi que de l’exploitation minière ou de l’occupation territoriale en établissant un régime de chasse dont les cibles principales étaient les peuples indigènes. Ce régime servait de contrepoids au pouvoir souverain et à l’humanisme occidental. Aujourd’hui, la dimension technologique de la biopolitique donne lieu à une sémiotique de la chasse (...) (capture de signes). L’auteur souligne l’importance de la forêt amazonienne comme réservoir de signes, et la position que certaines institutions et mouvements exercent, en tant que sentinelles de la démocratie, en opposition au populisme autoritaire et prédateur de Bolsonaro. (shrink)

Este texto ten como centro una pesquisa, una propuesta de trabajo que puede dar alguna luz no que respecta al proceso de nacimiento del monoteísmo. Partimos de la idea de que, en el espacio de Israel, cualquier construcción de una idea de dios único partiría de su base cultural. Vemos en la analice de la duplicidad funcional de los dioses Ilu (que significa «dios») e Baal («señor»), presentes en Ugarit, una arqueología do que mas tarde se pasa con los nombres (...) Adonai e Eloim por parte de Yahweh, una clara asimilación funcional de los dioses cimeros de la región, se construyendo la posibilidad monoteísta por lo uso de los nombres. (shrink)

L’article analyse la grève des camionneurs au Brésil, à partir de la centralité de la logistique en tant que terrain de lutte et d’accumulation dans le capitalisme contemporain. Dans le cas du Brésil, l’interruption complète de la provision d’intrants de base et l’occupation de routes dans tout le pays signifiaient la fin d’un cycle politico-économique basé sur la fausse alternative entre le néolibéralisme et le développementisme progressiste. La lutte des camionneurs, bien que ambiguë et contradictoire, révèle l’urgence pour nouvelles formes (...) de protection sociale et concrète, de valorisation des revenus et de la vie dans le cadre des luttes de la logistique. (shrink)

Background: Organ donation and transplantation represent one of the most important scientific advances over the last decades. Due to the complexity of these procedures and related ethical–legal aspects, however, there are a lot of doubts and uncertainty about the brain death diagnosis and the maintenance of potential organ donor. Aim: To identify and discuss the different meanings and experiences of registered nurses and physicians from an adult intensive care unit in relation to the diagnosis of brain death and the maintenance (...) of potential organ donors for transplantation purposes. Study Design: Participants were registered nurses and physicians from an adult intensive care unit at a University Hospital from Brazil. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using content analysis. Ethical considerations: This study was approved by the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing Research Ethics Committee. Results: Two main categories emerged from the analysis: (1) brain death diagnosis and its implications and (2) maintenance of the potential organ donor and its repercussion in the donation–transplantation process. Six subcategories were also identified: (1.1) understanding the brain death diagnosis as a tool to aid decision-making; (1.2) diagnosis as guarantee of rights; (1.3) difficulties encountered to establish the diagnosis; (1.4) clinical criteria adopted in Brazil and related ethical–legal aspects; (2.1) specificities of care to the brain dead person and outcomes; and (2.2) nurse’s duties toward the brain dead person. Conclusion: Although the brain death diagnosis is scientifically and legally defined in Brazil and the maintenance of the potential organ donor for transplantation purposes has been addressed during the last years, there are still some doubts about the subject, as its understanding varies according to the personal beliefs, culture, and educational background of individuals, including those who work in this scenario. (shrink)

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo realizar uma análise da proposta de ensino em filosofia apresentada por (Rodrigo) (2009) em seu livro intitulado “Filosofia em sala de aula: teoria e prática para o ensino médio, apresentando reflexões a respeito das metodologias de ensino aplicadas nas aulas em escolas de Ensino Médio. Inicialmente será discutido o conceito de educação, aliado à importância da transmissão do conhecimento. Em seguida, será tratado da estruturação do método de ensino proposto, com destaque em suas principais (...) ideias e apontamentos para o campo da prática. Reconhecendo a docência como um exercício desafiador, se faz necessário o conhecimento de estratégias didáticas capazes de aproximar os estudantes do saber filosófico para ajudar a amenizar a dificuldade dos professores em conseguir captar a atenção dos alunos no momento de aula. A título de conclusão, serão traçadas potencialidades e limitações da metodologia apresentada, tomando como base experiências vivenciadas nas disciplinas de Estágio Supervisionado em Filosofia e no Projeto Residência Pedagógica, ambas desenvolvidas durante o curso de Licenciatura em Filosofia da Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú (UVA). (shrink)

El presente artículo busca enfocar la correlación entre el uso de la energía, el espacio, el territorio y el desarrollo local, teniendo en cuenta la utilización del gas natural en las cerámicas de Mato Grosso del Sur/Brasil. La importancia de los hechos geográficos es pautada por muchos parámetros, como el paso del tiempo, los nuevos descubrimientos tecnológicos, las necesidades de materias primas, los objetivos nacionales e internacionales y la ética de las relaciones internacionales. El gas natural no es utilizado aún (...) como fuente alternativa de energía en gran escala en el Estado. Puede ser considerado como uno de los resultados de la valorización de la política socio económica, de la cultura local y del medio ambiente preservado como parte de la identidad local del ser humano al mejorar su calidad de vida. (shrink)

Luciano Rocha Pinto é professor e pesquisador, doutor em História pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (PPGH-UERJ), com Pós-doutorado em História, pela Universidade Federal Fluminense (PPGH-UFF) e pós-doutorado em Teologia pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio). Atua na área de história política, poder pastoral no ocidente e perspectivas do espaço sagrado. Além de exercer o ministério diaconal na Arquidiocese de São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro, realizando pesquisa também (...) sobre o Diaconato Permanente. Com o livro o autor apresenta o Ministério Diaconal na perspectiva histórica e teológica. Durante cerca de mil anos o diaconado foi vivido, no Ocidente, apenas como uma etapa para aqueles que se preparavam para o presbiterato. Com o advento do Concilio Vaticano II o ministério foi restaurado, sendo recolocado como parte integrante do corpo clerical da Igreja Latina. O diácono permanente é o servo da caridade, da liturgia e da palavra. No Brasil cresce o número de candidatos e ordenados, hoje a realidade nacional conta com quase 4 mil diáconos, segundo a Comissão Nacional dos Diáconos do Brasil (CND). Assim, tal obra tem como o objetivo sinalizar os caminhos e apresentar algumas reflexões sobre o diaconado em sua formação histórica e identidade teológica. Para o autor o diácono emerge como ponte e mediação da esperança àqueles que agonizam no individualismo e no materialismo. E para compreender e bem viver este ministério abarcar sua teologia, a mistagogia, é fundamental e igualmente primaz conhecer o passado, para bem viver o presente. (shrink)

Edward Said writes that Orientalism is a Western style for dominating the East. Richard Rorty proposes that intellectuals should be modern liberals in their politics but postmodern ironists in their intellectual lives. Rebecca Catz argues that Fern?o Mendes Pinto's Peregrination, a sprawling account of travels in the East first published in 1614, is a ?plea for toleration?. How do these theories stand up when confronted with the text? Once as well known as Cervantes's Don Quixote, this text has (...) been undeservedly overlooked in the study of political ideas, and that is a loss because it might make Saidians, Rortians and toleration theorists rethink some of their ideas. It is wrong to take Mendes Pinto's criticisms of Asians as Orientalism, partly because Mendes Pinto is equally critical of the Portuguese and other Europeans. It is wrong to think that irony can provide a comfortable intellectual home, partly because Mendes Pinto's life and text provide examples of a much more subtle and nihilistic irony than Rorty imagines. And finally, it is wrong to think that Mendes Pinto's text is a ?plea for toleration? in any but the most attenuated sense. (shrink)

Several advocates of the lively field of “metaphysics of science” have recently argued that a naturalistic metaphysics should be based solely on current science, and that it should replace more traditional, intuition-based, forms of metaphysics. The aim of the present paper is to assess that claim by examining the relations between metaphysics of science and general metaphysics. We show that the current metaphysical battlefield is richer and more complex than a simple dichotomy between “metaphysics of science” and “traditional metaphysics”, and (...) that it should instead be understood as a three dimensional “box”, with one axis distinguishing “descriptive metaphysics” from “revisionary metaphysics”, a second axis distinguishing a priori from a posteriori metaphysics, and a third axis distinguishing “commonsense metaphysics”, “traditional metaphysics” and “metaphysics of science”. We use this three-dimensional figure to shed light on the project of current metaphysics of science, and to demonstrate that, in many instances, the target of that project is not defined with enough precision and clarity. (shrink)

Authenticity has recently emerged as an important issue in discussions of mental disorder. We show, on the basis of personal accounts and empirical studies, that many people with psychological disorders are preoccupied with questions of authenticity. Most of the data considered in this paper are from studies of people with bipolar disorder and anorexia nervosa. We distinguish the various ways in which these people view the relationship between the disorder and their sense of their authentic self. We discuss the principal (...) modern ac-counts of authenticity within the analytic philosophical tradition. We argue that accounts based on autonomous, or wholehearted, endorsement of personal characteris-tics fail to provide an adequate analysis of authenticity in the context of mental disorder. Significant elements of true self accounts of authenticity are required. The concept of authenticity is a basic one that can be of particular value, in the context of self-development, to people with mental disorder and to others experiencing substantial inner conflict. (shrink)

Depersonalization is a pathological condition consisting in a deep modification of the way things appear to a subject, leading him to feel estranged from his body, his actions, his thoughts, his mind and even from himself. In this article, I argue that the study of depersonalization raises three challenges for recent theories of the sense of bodily ownership. These challenges—which I call the centrality challenge, the dissociation challenge and the grounding challenge— thwart most of these theories and suggest that the (...) sense of bodily ownership hinges on a phenomenal mark of mineness that can not be accounted for in terms of our sensory, interoceptive, agentive, cognitive or affective dispositions and that is psychologically primitive. In short: that mineness is first. (shrink)

In recent decades, philosophers of science have become increasingly concerned with the social dimensions of scientific knowledge. Philosophers such as Helen Longino, Philip Kitcher, Miriam Solomon, Heather Douglas, and Janet Kourany have sought to incorporate the social aspects of science, while retaining the normative commitments of philosophy of science. Some of the major theoretical approaches in social epistemology of science, however, tend to ignore or underestimate the role that the current state of science organization plays in the production of scientific (...) knowledge.1 The world has changed significantly in recent decades, and science has changed with it. The.. (shrink)

One of the twentieth century’s most brilliant and unconventional thinkers, Alexandre Kojève was a Russian émigré to France whose lectures on Hegel in the 1930s galvanized a generation of French intellectuals. Although Kojève wrote a great deal, he published very little in his lifetime, and so the ongoing rediscovery of his work continues to present new challenges to philosophy and political theory. Written in 1931 but left unfinished, Atheism is an erudite and open-ended exploration of profound questions of estrangement, (...) death, suicide, and the infinite that demonstrates the range and the provocative power of Kojève’s thought. Ranging across Heidegger, Buddhism, Christianity, German idealism, Russian literature, and mathematics, Kojève advances a novel argument about freedom and authority. He investigates the possibility that there is not any vantage point or source of authority—including philosophy, science, or God—that is outside or beyond politics and the world as we experience it. The question becomes whether atheism—or theism—is even a meaningful position since both affirmation and denial of God’s existence imply a knowledge that seems clearly outside our capacities. Masterfully translated by Jeff Love, this book offers a striking new perspective on Kojève’s work and its implications for theism, atheism, politics, and freedom. (shrink)

Most of what has been written about Buber and education tend to be studies of two kinds: theoretical studies of his philosophical views on education, and specific case studies that aim at putting theory into practice. The perspective taken has always been to hold a dialogue with Buber's works in order to identify and analyse critically Buber's views and, in some cases, to put them into practice; that is, commentators dialogue with the text. In this article our aims are of (...) a different kind. First and fundamentally, we demonstrate the political and social ontological basis of Buber's thought; that is, we show that Buber, the philosopher of dialogue, held an authentic dialogue with his time, and demonstrate that Buber's work, in this case I and Thou, holds a dialogue with its Zeitgeist; that is the text dialogues with its Zeitgeist. This approach leads us to our second aim, which is to demonstrate that Buber's thought remains relevant to our times, particularly when it serves as a dialogical educational tool with which to resolve conflict of all types and to aid dialogue towards peace in inter-community relations. (shrink)

Nas últimas décadas, discussões sobre interculturalidade efetivaram-se no cenário intelectual latino-americano, relacionando os temas mais diversos a partir de diferentes interlocutores e pensadores. Muitos desses fizeram emergir a realidade latino-americana denunciando o parasitismo colonial (Manoel Bonfim), anunciando que a Nuestra America pode libertar-se da dominação Ibérica (José Marti) quando os princípios universais como a justiça, o reconhecimento do outro e a comunicação forem porta-vozes de mudanças (Raul Fornet-Betancourt; Ricardo Salas). A educação possui papel fundamental nesse processo (Catherine Walsh; Fidel Tubino). (...) Por isso, neste artigo fruto de aulas, leituras, pesquisas e dedicação ao curso oferecido pela PUC Minas, na disciplina: Educação, Interculturalidade e Espiritualidade, temos como objetivo identificar os principais pressupostos para se pensar e desenvolver uma educação escolar, de víeis Intercultural Latino-Americana, a partir de uma metodologia qualitativa, documental e pesquisa bibliográfica desenvolvida com base em material publicado como livros, artigos periódicos e entrevistas. De que maneira este diálogo e pressupostos contribuem para a educação escolar? Nestes tempos, em que se discute novos paradigmas para educação escolar, acredita-se que a interculturalidade crítica coopera para desvelar os projetos hegemônicos. (shrink)

This essay examines Pope Francis’s encyclical Laudato si’ from a Latin American perspective and its reception in this part of the world, especially in Brazil. It focuses on two aspects of Laudato si’: its dialogical approach, and the connection it makes between ecological issues and poverty. These two aspects allow us to understand Francis’s proposal of integral ecology and how the preferential option for the poor becomes central to his perspective. In addition, this essay explains how Latin American theology and (...) pastoral experience are present in Pope Francis’s thought. (shrink)

Theorists, historians, and artists address the precarious futurity of the notion of the future. Not long ago, a melancholic left and a manic neoliberalism seemed to arrive at an awkward consensus: the foreclosure of futurity. Whereas the former mourned the failure of its utopian project, the latter celebrated the triumph of a global marketplace. The radical hope of realizing a singularly different, more equitable future displaced by a belief that the future had already come to pass, limiting post-historical society to (...) an uneventful life of endless accumulation. Today, amidst an abundance of neofuturisms, posthumanisms, futurologies, speculative philosophies and accelerationist scenarios, there is as well an expanding awareness of a looming planetary catastrophe driven by the extractionist logic of capitalism. Despite this return to the future, the temporal horizon of our present moment is perhaps more aptly characterized by the “shrinking future” of just-in-time production, risk management, high-frequency trading, and the futures market. In Futurity Report, theorists, historians, and artists address the precarious futurity of the notion of the future itself. Contributors McKenzie Wark, China Miéville, Kerstin Stakemeier, Diedrich Diederichsen, Natascha Sadr Haghighian, Marina Vishmidt, Johannes Paul Raether, Felicity D. Scott, Silvia Maglioni, Graeme Thomson, Doreen Mende, Pedro Neves Marques, Achille Mbembe, Kodwo Eshun, Haytham El-Wardany, T. J. Demos, Ana Teixeira Pinto. (shrink)

El llamado estallido social iniciado el 18 de octubre de 2019 si bien fue inesperado en su magnitud, no lo fue en su contenido, en su origen están sin duda las violaciones a los Derechos Humanos, el medio del cual se valieron los detentadores del poder dictatorial para imponer un nuevo orden político, económico, social y cultural, sustentado en un Estado subsidiario que lo despojó de sus obligaciones de garantizar derechos básicos, tal como lo dispone la normativa internacional de los (...) Derechos Humanos e impidió sistemáticamente al pueblo chileno decidir su destino de manera soberana. Como lo han señalado los jóvenes que iniciaron este estado de rebeldía, no son treinta pesos, en alusión al aumento del valor del transporte metropolitano, son treinta años a la sombra de una dictadura cuya principal herencia es la Constitución de 1980, y su ya famoso Tribunal Constitucional, una real tercera Cámara. (shrink)

This article discusses the acquisition of a physical impairment/disability through voluntary body modification, or transability. From the perspectives of critical genealogy and feminist intersectional analysis, the article considers the ability and cis*/trans* axes in order to question the boundaries between trans and transabled experience and examines two assumptions impeding the conceptualization of their placement on the same continuum: 1) trans studies assumes an able-bodied trans identity and able-bodied trans subject of analysis; and 2) disability studies assumes a cis* disabled identity. (...) The perception of transsexuality and transability as mutually exclusive phenomena results from a nonintersectional analysis of transsexuality as an issue of sex/gender, but not of ability, and of transability as an issue of ability, but not of sex/gender. Difficulty recognizing continuities between these phenomena thus stems from an ableist interpretation of sex/gender and a cisnormative* interpretation of ability. This article aims to: 1) enrich intersectional analysis in trans and disability studies and transability scholarship; 2) complicate disability studies, in which disabilities are often presumed to be “involuntary,” and encourage the decentering of a cis* subject; 3) encourage trans studies to decenter an able-bodied subject; and 4) advocate for increased dialogue and the creation of alliances between trans and disability studies and movements. (shrink)

Weisberg and Muldoon’s epistemic landscape model (ELM) has been one of the most significant contributions to the use of agent-based models in philosophy. The model provides an innovative approach to establishing the optimal distribution of cognitive labor in scientific communities, using an epistemic landscape. In the paper, we provide a critical examination of ELM. First, we show that the computing mechanism for ELM is correct insofar as we are able to replicate the results using another programming language. Second, we show (...) that small changes in the rules that determine the behavior of individual agents can lead to important changes in simulation results. Accordingly, we claim that ELM results are robust with respect to the computing mechanism, but not necessarily across parameter space. We conclude by reflecting on the possible lessons to be gained from ELM as a class of simulations or cluster of models. (shrink)

To improve the safety and the performance of operators involved in risky and demanding missions, human-machine cooperation should be dynamically adapted, in terms of dialogue or function allocation. To support this reconfigurable cooperation, a crucial point is to assess online the operator’s ability to keep performing the mission. The article explores the concept of Operator Functional State, then it proposes to operationalize this concept on the specific activity of drone swarm monitoring, carried out by 22 participants on simulator SUSIE. With (...) the aid of supervised learning methods, physiological and contextual are classified into three classes, corresponding to different levels of OFS. This classification would help for adapting the countermeasures to the situation faced by operators. (shrink)

The objective of the present article is to support the idea that Machado de Assis’ work conforms well to what may be called a non-religious spirituality. For that, the article’s main focus is the analysis of the short story “O Segredo do Bonzo: Capítulo Inédito de Fernão Mendes Pinto”, published in 1882’s collection titled Papéis Avulsos, where the main principles of that spirituality, which is spread all over his work, are given in a nutshell. In a first moment, (...) we analise the intertextuality between Machado’s short story “O Segredo do Bonzo” and Portuguese Renaissance writer’s travelogue Peregrinação and the Machado’s nineteen century critique of the west’s main universalizing proposals: Christianity, scientificity and Enlightenment. In a second moment, we analise the philosophical implications of the primacy given to ‘opinion’ as an existential foundation and as a constitutive element of reality, in a context of close proximity with the soteriological traditions of ancient Greek skepticism, on the one hand, and Buddhism, on the other. A critic of religion, specially of Christian religion, Machado’s ‘accidental’ association with Buddhism is symptomatic of a very peculiar form of non-religious spirituality. (shrink)

A formação inicial na construção de identidade profissional em educação física1 Resumo: A presente pesquisa tem o objetivo de analisar como as experiências de formação inicial de formandos em Educação Física da Universidade Federal do Paraná, contribuem para a construção de identidade profissional. A produção de dados ocorreu por meio da realização de dois grupos focais distintos, um com formandos da modalidade de licenciatura e outro de bacharelado em EF. O programa de Análise de Conteúdo Atlas.TI 8 foi utilizado para (...) criar as unidades de análise do eixo previamente definido sobre formação inicial. Identificou-se, que os formandos ao experimentarem práticas de estágio e trabalho, de pesquisa nos programas e projetos de iniciação científica, além de refletirem, construírem, planejarem, criarem, elaborarem seus métodos e metodologias de ensino e aprendizagem, constroem identidade profissional mestiças não articuladas integralmente aos processos de pesquisa e criação de métodos e metodologias. Palavras-chave: Identidade profissional. Formação inicial. Pesquisa. Método. Initial training in the construction of professional identity of physical education: This research aims to analyze how the initial training experiences in Physical Education of students at Universidade Federal do Paraná contribute to the construction of professional identity. Data were produced through focus groups; one with students of the licentiate degree and the other with students of the bachelor’s degree in Physical Education. The Content Analysis Program Atlas.TI 8 was used to create a unit of analysis from a previously-defined axis on initial training. It was identified, through their experiences on the practical training placement and work, and through research programs and projects, as well as reflecting, constituting, planning, creating, and elaborating their teaching and learning methods and methodologies, build mixed professional identities that are not fully articulated with the processes of research and creation of methods and methodologies. Keywords: Professional identity. Initial training. Research. Method. La formación inicial en la construcción de identidad profesional en educación física Resumen: La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar como las experiencias de formación inicial de graduados en Educación Física de Universidade Federal do Paraná, contribuyen en la construcción de identidades profesionales. La producción de datos ocurrió por medio de la realización de dos grupos distintos, un con graduados en la modalidad de grado y el otro en licenciatura en Educación Física. El programa de Análisis de Contenido Atlas.TI 8 fue utilizado para crear las unidades de análisis de eje previamente definido sobre la formación inicial. Se identificó que los graduados al comenzar las prácticas y el trabajo, de investigación en los programas y proyectos de iniciación científica, además de reflexionar, construir, planear, crear, elaborar sus métodos y metodologías de enseñanza, construyen identidades profesionales mestizas no articuladas integralmente a los procesos de investigación y creación de métodos y metodologías. Palabras clave: Identidade profesional. Formación inicial. Investigación. Método. 1 Pesquisa financiada com bolsa de pós-doutorado pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Capes. Data de registro: 12/06/2019 Data de aceite: 23/04/2020. (shrink)

The article examines the idea that commercialized science is a central factor in the erosion of trust in science. I claim that commercial interests have a negative impact on the trustworthiness of...

Social acceptance is assumed to have widespread positive effects on the recipient; however, ethnic/racial minorities often react negatively to social acceptance by White individuals. One possibility for such reactions might be their lack of trust in the genuineness of White individuals’ positive evaluations. Here, we examined the role that oxytocin—a neuropeptide putatively linked to social processes—plays in modulating reactions to acceptance or rejection during interracial interactions. Black participants received intranasal oxytocin or placebo and interacted with a White, same-sex stranger who (...) provided positive or negative social feedback. After positive feedback, participants given oxytocin tended to display approach-oriented cardiovascular responses of challenge, exhibited more cooperative behavior, and perceived the partner to have more favorable attitudes toward them after the interaction. Following negative feedback, oxytocin reduced anger suppression. Oxytocin did not modulate testosterone reactivity directly, but our exploratory analysis showed that the less participants suppressed anger during the interaction with their partner, the greater testosterone reactivity they displayed after the interaction. These results survived the correction for multiple testing with a false discovery rate of 20%, but not with a rate of 10 or 5%. Discussion centers on the interplay between oxytocin and social context in shaping interracial interactions. (shrink)